Use units as a way to understand problems and to guide the solution of multi-step problems; choose and interpret units consistently in formulas; choose and interpret the scale and the origin in graphs and data displays
Understand that a function from one set (called the domain) to another set (called the range) assigns to each element of the domain exactly one element of the range. If f is a function and x is an element of its domain, then f(x) denotes the output of f corresponding to the input x. The graph of f is the graph of the equation y = f(x).
Explain why the sum or product of two rational numbers is rational; that the sum of a rational number and an irrational number is irrational; and that the product of a nonzero rational number and an irrational number is irrational.
Create equations and inequalities in one variable and use them to solve problems. Include equations arising from linear and quadratic functions, and simple rational and exponential functions.
Solve linear equations and inequalities in one variable, including equations with coefficients represented by letters.
Create equations in two or more variables to represent relationships between quantities; graph equations on coordinate axes with labels and scales.
Understand the graph of an equation in two variables is the set of all its solutions plotted in the coordinate plane, often forming a curve (which could be a line).
Interpret the slope (rate of change) and the intercept (constant term) of a linear model in the context of the data.
Prove the slope criteria for parallel and perpendicular lines and use them to solve geometric problems (e.g., find the equation of a line parallel or perpendicular to a given line that passes through a given point).
Prove that, given a system of two equations in two variables, replacing one equation by the sum of that equation and a multiple of the other produces a system with the same solutions.
Choose and produce an equivalent form of an expression to reveal and explain properties of the quantity represented by the expression. a) Factor a quadratic expression to reveal the zeros of the function it defines. b) Complete the square in a quadratic expression to reveal the maximum or minimum value of the function it defines. c) Use the properties of exponents to transform expressions for exponential functions. For example, the expression 1.15^t can be written as {(1.15^(1/12)}^12t~1.012^12t to reveal the approximate equivalent monthly interest rate if the annual rate is 15%
Solve quadratic equations in one variable. a) Use the method of completing the square to transform any quadratic equation in x into an equation of the form (x – p)^2 = q that has the same solutions. Derive the quadratic formula from this form. b) Solve quadratic equations by inspection (e.g., for x^2 =49), taking the square roots, completing the square, the quadratic formula, and factoring, as appropriate to the initial form of the equation. Recognize when the quadratic formula gives complex solutions and write them as a +/- bi for real numbers a and b.
Represent data with plots on the real number line (dot plots, histograms, and box plots).